Articles in English are a way of defining what we are talking about in a way that is either specific (e.g. the dog) or general (e.g. an ice cream). This article will introduce articles and the different types, explain when and how we use them, and provide plenty of examples.
Articles in English grammar
An article is a type of determiner in English grammar. Determiners modify words placed before a noun or noun phrase to establish (determine) 'who' or 'what' the noun refers to.
There are four types of determiners in English; articles, (the/a/an), possessives (his/her/their), demonstratives (this/that/those), and quantifiers (some/all/none).
There are three articles in the English language;
These are divided into two categories;
Definite articles
Indefinite articles
Articles: examples
Now we have a basic idea of what articles are, take a look at some examples of articles given below:
- The dog would not let go of the stick.
- Once upon a time, there was a princess who lived in a castle.
- The Ritz is a place of luxury that the wealthy frequently visit.
Did you notice a pattern in the examples given above? It is clear that articles always preface (come before) a noun. The article used will determine whether the noun is specific or unspecific.
Fig. 1 - An unspecific princess lives in an unspecific castle.
Articles: synonyms
As mentioned, in the field of English linguistics, articles refer to a specific grammatical category of words that function to indicate a noun's definiteness or indefiniteness. There are no specific synonyms for this sense of 'articles' because it is a technical term with a precise meaning.
However, some related terms that are commonly used in the study of English grammar include determiners, pronouns, and adjectives.
Types of articles
There are two different types of articles, the definite article and the indefinite article.
We've established that an article is a type of determiner that comes before a noun or noun phrase to show whether it is specific or non-specific. For specific nouns, we use the definite article, and for non-specific nouns, we use the indefinite article.
The definite article
The definite article is the word 'the'.
This article shows us that the noun being discussed is specific, but what does that mean? The definite article is used when;
The noun in question has been mentioned before and is known to the reader.
The noun is unique or assumed to be the only one (e.g. the sun).
We want to identify or single out a particular noun.
Let's look at some examples of definite articles.
I want a bottle of water. Can you grab the one in the fridge?
When the subject is first mentioned, the speaker uses the indefinite article. Now that the subject has been made clear to the listener, the speaker uses the definite article to refer to the subject.
Excuse me, where is the bathroom?
Here, the definite article has been used as the speaker is assuming there is only one bathroom in the restaurant.
The lorry drove away.
Here, the definite article indicates that the speaker is referring to a specific lorry that drove away, not just any lorry. If the speaker was referring to any lorry, they would use the indefinite article 'a'.
Definite articles can occur before singular or plural nouns. For example, 'The lorries drove away' or 'Can you grab the ones in the fridge?' is grammatically correct.
The indefinite article
There are two words that are classed as indefinite articles: 'a' and 'an'.
Indefinite articles are used to refer to nouns that are non-specific or are being mentioned for the first time. 'A' is placed before nouns beginning with a consonant sound, and 'an' goes before nouns beginning with a vowel sound.
Here are examples of both indefinite articles:
The speaker is referring to 'a' cat, so the indication is that this is the first time this cat is being mentioned and that it has no personal specific connection to the speaker. The indefinite article a was used as the noun cat begins with a consonant sound (/k/).
Can you pass me an apple?
The indefinite article has been used here as the speaker doesn't mind which apple they are given. They are being unspecific. The article an was used as the noun apple begins with a vowel sound (/ˈæ/).
Indefinite articles only occur before singular nouns. To say 'An elephants followed me home' would be grammatically incorrect.
Indefinite articles and plural nouns
The indefinite article a and an can only be used to modify singular nouns. When discussing plural nouns, we either drop the article altogether (e.g. Elephants followed me home) or use the definite article the when appropriate (e.g. The elephants followed me home).
Indefinite articles and the letter H
There are cases when the article an is used before a word that begins with a consonant letter and not a vowel. This is because article use is dependent on the sound of a letter rather than the letter itself. The most common example of this is the letter h.
Take a look at the following example:
An hour after I arrived a house fell down.
The first article 'an' comes before the noun 'hour' despite it beginning with a consonant. This is because the word 'hour' (/aʊə/) starts with a vowel sound (/ˈa/).
The second article is 'a' not 'an' because the word 'house' (/haʊs/) begins with a consonant sound (/h/).
Indefinite articles and the letter U
Sometimes the indefinite article 'a' is used before words beginning with the letter u - again, this is to do with the sound of the letter.
Look at the following example:
The article a has been used here because 'Ukrainian' (/juːˈkreɪnjən/) begins with the semivowel sound /ju/, which we treat as a consonant.
Now look at this example:
The article an is used as 'umbrella' (/ʌmˈbrelə/) begins with the vowel sound /ʌ/ (uh).
Fig. 2 - I need an umbrella... any umbrella will do!
Indefinite articles and abbreviations
Sometimes, the use of 'a' or 'an' will depend on the pronunciation of an abbreviated phrase.
Compare this sentence which uses an abbreviated phrase to the following sentence which uses the full phrase:
When the phrase is abbreviated, we use 'a' because 'UFO' here begins with the semivowel sound /ju/ (remember, we treat these the same as consonants).
I saw an unidentified flying object outside!
When the phrase is unabbreviated, we use 'an' because 'unidentified' (/ʌn aɪˈdentɪfaɪd/) begins with the vowel sound /ʌ/.
Articles and adjectives
Occasionally, an article will come before an adjective, not a noun. An example of articles with adjectives include:
The tall man looked over the crowd.
She is looking at an elegant lady.
It is a horrible painting.
In these cases, both the article and the adjective 'modify' the nouns and have created noun phrases. In other words, they give contextual information about the noun they are prefacing.
Articles - Key takeaways
- An article is a type of determiner that comes before a noun to show whether it is specific or non-specific.
- There are three articles in the English language: the/a/an.
- The English language has two main types of articles: definite and indefinite.
- The definite article the is used before specific, unique, or known nouns. The indefinite articles a/an are used before unspecific and general nouns.
- The article a comes before nouns beginning with a consonant sound and an before a noun beginning with a vowel sound. Articles can also come before adjectives in a noun phrase.
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