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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenGeography is much more than dry facts and figures. Geographers study the Earth to learn why and where certain processes happen. Geography is the "why of where."
Physical geography and human geography are its two broad divisions. Physical geography is the study of Earth processes, while human geography studies how people relate to the Earth. Keep reading to learn more about the scope, types, and more.
Human geographers use several terms to refer to parts of the Earth:
Study tip: It is a GREAT idea to become comfortable with similarities and differences between the terms above and how they are used in AP Human Geography. Sometimes, the way they are used in casual language or in another discipline is different from how they are understood by geographers.
Geographers make maps to depict and find locations, places, landscapes, regions, and their interrelationships. They also use written texts that contain geographical descriptions, as well as photographs, satellite images, and other sources. Texts can be qualitative—like a journal or newspaper article—or quantitative, like the numbers in a census.
Once geographers decided on the scale they are using (a single place? a city? a country?), and the tools they are using, they gather data that allow them to describe and explain the processes and patterns they discover.
This might involve the application of geographic theories and models, querying a GIS database, or another method.
Human geography's categories reflect three divisions of society: culture, economy, and politics/government. Each overlaps with the others and the natural environment, and each has various subdisciplines.
This is the geographic study of the symbols that humans make that give their lives meaning, like language, religion, and music, specific to the thousands of cultures and subcultures that comprise human society. Subdisciplines include geographies of religion, food, music, language, and others.
Fig. 1 - Street vendor's cart in the Phillippines. A cultural geographer studying food might use this photo as a tool for qualitative descriptions of Filipino culture in food geography
This branch of geography studies economic activities in places and across space. It includes industrial and agricultural economies, socioeconomic development, banking and real estate, businesses and corporations, and many more themes as they relate to the "why of where."
Political geography looks at how humans govern themselves across space—how we establish and rule territories and the boundaries between those territories. It is the spatial dimension of the studies of political science and government.
Every part of geography connects in some way to the natural environment, so this subdiscipline is connected to all the others. A good example is the geography of global climate change, which looks at connections between the natural environment, cultural issues, political aspects, and the economy.
These subdisciplines of economic geography overlap with environmental, cultural, and political geography. Agricultural geography studies the distribution and other spatial characteristics of agriculture, part of the primary economic sector, and industrial geography looks at the spatial aspects of manufacturing and related components of the secondary economic sector.
The geography of cities incorporates cultural, economic, political, and environmental aspects.
Diseases and other health concerns have spatial aspects, and this field of geography, like urban geography, crosscuts the political, cultural, economic, and environmental spheres.
Fig. 2 - Spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in Trinidad and Tobago, an example of the use of maps in medical geography
Though this is usually taught as a separate branch of geography, it is also part of just about every geographical study.
This branch deals with the ideas and theories behind geography.
People have always needed to know how to get from "point A" to "point B," along with everything that entails. What is at point B that could be useful? What is the weather going to be like next year at points A and B? It could be said that humans are essentially geographical creatures!
Recognizing this, the ancient Greeks created the science of geography as the study of the world. The original scope of geography has largely given way to separate disciplines, such as astronomy, but the term has remained.
"Geography" comes from the Ancient Greek word γεωγραφία (geōgraphía). It is comprised of gê, the earth (related to the Earth goddess Gaia), and gráphō, which means to write.
Every society has had its own type of geography, with China, India, Iran, the Arab World, and many other civilizations developing their own geographic fields and texts.
The post-1500 AD "Age of Discovery" saw European culture, economic systems, and politics come to dominate most of the planet through colonialism. Geographic knowledge was critically important to the conquerors. This resulted in a wealth of maps as well as extensive descriptions of peoples, places, and natural resources.
With the rise of Western science in the late 1700s, geographers like Alexander von Humboldt traveled the world to answer questions about the why of where—about the distribution of plants and animals, the location of ethnic groups and languages, and myriad more.
Fig. 3 - Gustav Blaeser's 1869 bust of German geographer Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) in New York City
Geography took a step backward in the early 1900s with environmental determinism, which explained places and the people that inhabited them by the influences of climate. It was taught that hot and humid climates made people lazy and "backward," while temperate climates made people more intelligent and hard-working. Geographers eventually rejected this notion through the theory of possibilism, which focused on how people both shape the Earth and are shaped by the Earth—but are never "determined" by it.
Since the 1940s, geography has come of age with the enormous growth of subdisciplines and major focuses on spatial analysis, adaptation, climate change, feminism, the use of advanced tools such as GPS and GIS, and much more.
Human geography has stayed true to its roots and remained a holistic science both broad and deep in scope. Geography's holistic approach is more relevant than ever as we seek to understand how humans can better co-exist with planet Earth.
Fig. 4 - The Earth as photographed by the Apollo 17 crew and used as the Earth Day flag
Human geography recognizes that the Earth is the only home of humankind and that we need to take care of it. Geography also sees the potential of humans to adapt to the Earth and its natural processes. Geography takes the point of view that humans are a part of the Earth, not separate from it.
Though it may seem like a cliche, geography recognizes that everything is connected and because of this, it is crucial to use the tools at our disposal to discover and analyze the patterns and processes that characterize our world, to attain goals such as sustainability and biodiversity conservation.
Here are a few research questions that help make human geography accessible and relevant.
Places don't just happen. They have reasons—a why—for being where they are.
Take New Orleans, Louisiana. A fine example of maladaptation to the physical environment. Squeezed between, but lower in elevation than, the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, the "Big Easy" can only survive through human-made structures that keep the water out (most of the time). Why would anyone put a city in such a fragile and vulnerable location?
Fig. 5 - New Orleans map from 1919 showing the city's historic wards squeezed between Lake Pontchartrain and the Mississippi River
New Orleans was a terrible place for the 17th-century French to put a city, right? In those days, however, it was necessary. The French needed somewhere not far from the Gulf Coast where they could patrol and control the river that provided trade access to a huge part of the continent while blocking access to Spanish and British enemies.
In those days, New Orleans wasn't so maladapted. The growing city was protected from the hurricane storm surges of the Gulf of Mexico by an unbroken forest 60 miles thick, and it was not below sea level yet.
In modern times, the forests and wetlands surrounding New Orleans were decimated by industrial development and agricultural pollution, and the land sank as it dried out, no longer exposed to yearly flooding from the Mississippi after the lake and river levees and floodwalls were built.
Because New Orleans became a major port for the world's largest economy, it had to remain next to the Mississippi, though its location became less and less tenable. Even the Mississippi River itself had to be kept in place because it would otherwise have naturally shifted away from New Orleans decades ago.
New Orleans is a textbook case of how a casual question about a seemingly illogical location can lead to many geographical lines of inquiry. Coastal Louisiana is a hotbed for the study of human-environment relations, cultural geography, climate change, and other concerns.
In the US, where you live largely determines what elected officials you can vote for. Voters live in geographically-defined districts based on population, but voting district boundaries aren't stable over time. Redistricting is a hot topic in electoral geography (part of political geography) because major political parties engage in long-term strategies to shift voting district boundaries to get more voters for their own candidates, and less for the other sides' candidates.
As the saying goes, retail is about "location, location, location." Major stores like Walmart don't locate in places that are difficult to reach. They seek to locate in the places that will attract the most consumers.
Fig. 6 - Walmart store in New Jersey
Human geography is the study of the relationships between people and the Earth.
Four types of geography are cultural geography, political geography, economic geography, and environmental geography.
Human geography is the study of the relationships between people and the Earth.
Human geography is important because it is a holistic science that can help us solve important issues like sustainability and biodiversity conservation.
Five examples of human geography are the geography of retail locations, the geography of COVID-19 cases, the geography of New Orleans, electoral geography and voting districts, and the cultural geography of food in the Philippines.
What is a natural resource?
A natural resource is a commodity that is extracted from nature with little to no alteration.
True or False: Natural resources can be used to create human-made resources.
True! Virtually all human-made resources are derived, in some way, from natural resources.
Which of the following is NOT a natural resource?
Paper
What is an abiotic natural resource?
An abiotic natural resource is a non-living natural resource.
What is a biotic natural resource?
A biotic natural resource is a living natural resource.
Which of the following are abiotic natural resources? Select ALL that apply.
Water
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