How do you treat schizophrenia? What are the biological treatments for schizophrenia? As time has progressed, so too has our knowledge on how to treat mental health disorders. Schizophrenia is still a hotly debated disorder in the realm of psychology and medicine, as the diagnosis and biological markers remain ever elusive. ]
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Jetzt kostenlos anmeldenHow do you treat schizophrenia? What are the biological treatments for schizophrenia? As time has progressed, so too has our knowledge on how to treat mental health disorders. Schizophrenia is still a hotly debated disorder in the realm of psychology and medicine, as the diagnosis and biological markers remain ever elusive. ]
Although diagnostic manuals have come a long way, their reliability and validity are still up for discussion where schizophrenia is concerned. Typical and atypical antipsychotics are examples of biological treatments that attempt to treat the current iteration of schizophrenia.
Fig. 1 - Typical and atypical antipsychotics are a biological treatment for schizophrenia.
Drug therapies are the biological side of treatment for schizophrenia. Typical antipsychotics (also known as neuroleptics), mostly, if not entirely, address the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and paranoia. They also reduce the impact of these symptoms in general.
With the development of atypical antipsychotics, negative symptoms such as avolition can also be addressed.
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions, are due to the increased release of dopamine in the brain. This in turn increases the activation of dopamine 2 receptors (D2) (Brisch et al., 2014) and can result in the aforementioned positive symptoms, as dopamine acts as a modulator for many brain functions. Similarly, negative symptoms can develop when there is reduced function of dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex.
Psychologists classify antipsychotics into two categories: typical and atypical.
StudySmarter is not a licensed medical practitioner. The following information is for educational purposes only.
Typical antipsychotics are the first generation of drug therapies available for schizophrenia. They were developed in the 1950s, and have lost popularity since the advent of atypical antipsychotics for several reasons. Most notably due to the notion that typical antipsychotics cause more severe side effects than atypical antipsychotics.
Typical antipsychotic drug examples include:
Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Pimozide
Loxapine
They work by blocking the dopamine 2 receptor (D2), reducing the uptake of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway (also known as the reward pathway), and can differ in potency. Positive symptoms are a result of the increased subcortical release of dopamine in the brain, possibly due to a defect in the cortical pathway through the nucleus accumbens (Brisch et al., 2014). By blocking the D2 receptors and effectively calming the dopamine system in the brain, typical antipsychotics lower the intensity of positive symptoms.
They can often be referred to as dopamine antagonists.
Fig. 2 - Overview of reward structures in the human brain, including the mesolimbic pathway, commons.wikimedia.org
Haloperidol blocks around 80% of D2 receptors. Haloperidol can be injected, and is fast at acting so is often used in emergencies.
Due to the calming effect, there tends to be a general sedative effect too. Like many drugs, typical antipsychotics come with a list of unintended side effects.
Some of the side-effects include, but are not limited to:
Dry mouth.
Constipation.
Low energy.
Sedation.
Tardive dyskinesia (uncontrollable muscle movements usually affecting the face).
Akathisia (uncomfortable restlessness).
There is no explicit evidence to state one typical antipsychotic drug is more or less effective than another. This tends to be decided by a patient’s reaction and feelings towards the effectiveness of the drug, and how they tolerate it.
Atypical antipsychotics are considered the second generation of antipsychotic drug treatments. Developed in the 1970s, they avoid the more severe side effects of typical antipsychotics.
Atypical antipsychotic drugs include:
Clozapine
Olanzapine
Risperidone
They work somewhat similarly to typical antipsychotics in that they block D2 dopamine receptors in the limbic system. However, they do not affect dopamine receptors in other parts of the brain. The reduction of intensity in positive symptoms occurs as a result, but they also act on other neurotransmitters, notably:
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Serotonin
They can be referred to as serotonin-dopamine antagonists.
An example is Clozapine. Clozapine binds to dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors in the brain. By affecting all three neurotransmitters, atypical drugs such as Clozapine affect both positive and negative symptoms such as avolition, whilst also improving mood and cognitive functions, and reducing depression and anxiety.
Like typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotic drugs come with their list of unintended side effects:
Cardiovascular problems.
Weight gain.
Drowsiness.
Diabetes.
Tardive dyskinesia (uncontrollable muscle movements usually affecting the face). This is less likely to happen with atypical antipsychotics.
Although atypical antipsychotics are referred to as second-generation antipsychotics, there’s an increasing amount of research going into the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Now that we have established typical and atypical antipsychotics, we can highlight the differences between typical and atypical antipsychotics.
Consider the antipsychotic drug comparison chart. Here, we can see:
To summarise the content discussed above, here is a list of typical and atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics include:
Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Pimozide
Loxapine
Atypical antipsychotics include:
Clozapine
Olanzapine
Risperidone
Now that we know what typical and atypical antipsychotics are, we now must establish through evaluation whether or not they are effective and appropriate for treating schizophrenia.
Let's consider some of the strengths of using biological treatments for schizophrenia.
Leucht et al. (2013) reviewed 212 studies, testing the effectiveness of biological antipsychotic drug treatments on how they normalise dopamine levels. 15 antipsychotic drugs were compared to their controls (placebo) in the acute treatment of schizophrenia. They were significantly more effective than the placebo, so treatments targeting dopamine are effective in reducing symptoms. They also disagreed with the current classification of typical and atypical antipsychotics, suggesting a hierarchy would be more suitable.
Drug therapies are often cheaper than hospital treatments, and therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and family therapy. Psychological therapies require weeks of sessions with a trained professional.
Due to drug treatments, there are fewer long-term institutionalised patients in mental health hospitals. As a result of this independence from clinical, in-house treatments, patients lead a more independent lifestyle and are in general happier and more fulfilled.
Schooler et al. (2005) found that, when comparing haloperidol (typical antipsychotic) to risperidone (atypical antipsychotic), low doses of antipsychotic drugs were able to significantly improve symptoms of psychosis associated with schizophrenia in first-episode patients (those early in the course of psychotic/schizophrenic illness or treatment). In the long-term, risperidone has lower rates of relapse and induces fewer abnormal movements (tardive dyskinesia) than haloperidol. This shows that antipsychotics are effective in treating positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, there were issues with dropouts in treatments.
Bagnall et al. (2003) analysed 232 studies comparing the effectiveness of atypical and typical antipsychotics. Overall, atypical antipsychotics were more effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia, with fewer movement disorder side effects. Fewer people also left the drug treatment early, a problem in most studies. Clozapine was the most effective at reducing negative symptoms and treating those resistant to other drugs. This suggests antipsychotics are effective treatments, especially those focused on more neurotransmitters than dopamine.
Crossley et al. (2010) found that, although there were no true differences between the efficacy of first and second-generation antipsychotics, second-generation were shown to cause fewer side effects in the patients.
Let's consider some of the weaknesses of using biological treatments for schizophrenia.
Lieberman et al. (2005) compared the first-generation, typical antipsychotic drug perphenazine to a selection of second-generation, atypical drugs, such as olanzapine amongst 1,493 patients with schizophrenia. It was found that only olanzapine outperformed perphenazine in terms of discontinuation rates (where patients stop taking their medication). The rest did no better than the perphenazine.
Although olanzapine had superior efficacy in reducing psychopathology compared to the rest, it also had more severe side effects, such as significant weight gain.
Kahn et al. (2008) compared first-generation haloperidol with second-generation antipsychotics. 498 patients were randomly assigned an antipsychotic treatment plan. Kahn found that antipsychotics were effective for at least one year, however, they could not conclude that second-generation antipsychotics were more effective than first-generation antipsychotics, as discontinuation rates were not synonymous with symptom improvement.
The amount of research indicating no true difference in the efficacy of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia calls into question the need to make this distinction at all, again raising concerns over the classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
The side effects of antipsychotic drugs are quite severe. Overall, two-thirds of people with schizophrenia stop taking their medication. This creates an issue with the revolving door of treatment plans. This is where patients take their antipsychotics, find their symptoms are not being treated effectively, or are not worth the severe side effects such as tardive dyskinesia and significant weight gain, and stop taking them before eventually resuming treatment again later on because symptoms are becoming problematic again.
Repeated treatment plans also create issues with forced treatment. If the symptoms a patient is experiencing are severe to the point of significant distress, drugs may often be prescribed forcefully. This is an ethical issue, as informed consent is compromised, especially considering the severity of the side effects.
Drug therapies are also only suppressing the symptoms of schizophrenia, and not treating the root cause.
It is worth noting that Tarrier et al. (1998) placed patients in a combined treatment plan of antipsychotics and CBT. These patients had a significant improvement in the severity and number of their positive symptoms. So, a combination of therapies as treatments is worth considering and will be explored in the next explanations on this topic.
Typical and atypical antipsychotics are drugs used to treat symptoms of psychosis, as a form of biological treatment.
Typical and atypical antipsychotics are a form of biological drug treatment used to help patients with their symptoms of psychosis. Examples include Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol (typical antipsychotics) and Clozapine and Olanzapine (atypical antipsychotics).
There is a belief that atypical antipsychotics are the more modern treatment plan, and have less severe side effects than typical antipsychotics. They also affect other neurotransmitters than dopamine that are linked to symptoms, whilst typical antipsychotics affect only dopamine. Whether or not atypical antipsychotics have less severe side effects is still up for debate.
There is no definitive ‘best antipsychotic’. However, according to a study by Oh et al. (2020) common antipsychotic drugs that show promising results are clozapine, followed by aripiprazole.
Typical antipsychotics are the first generation of antipsychotic drugs. They treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine (D2) receptors in the brain and are known as dopamine antagonists. Atypical antipsychotics are the second generation of antipsychotic drugs and treat both positive and negative symptoms. They are known as serotonin-dopamine antagonists, as they affect multiple neurotransmitters.
What are drug therapies?
Drug therapies are the biological side of treatment for schizophrenia.
What are the two types of antipsychotics?
Typical and atypical.
What did Leucht et al. (2013) find in their study?
They found that when 15 antipsychotic drugs were compared to their controls (placebo) in the acute treatment of schizophrenia, they were more effective than their placebos, so treatments targeting dopamine are effective in reducing symptoms.
What did Schooler et al. (2005) find in their study?
When comparing haloperidol to risperidone, low doses of antipsychotic drugs were able to significantly improve symptoms of psychosis associated with schizophrenia in first-episode patients
What did Kahn et al. (2008) find in their study?
Khan found that antipsychotics were effective for at least one year, however, there was no evidence to suggest that second-generation antipsychotics were more effective than first-generation antipsychotics.
What did Tarrier et al. (1998) find in their study?
Combined treatment of antipsychotics and CBT seems to be the most effective treatment plan.
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